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Selected
Bibliography
The
sources listed below are to provide researchers with an abbreviated
bibliography of some of the more important resources on the
Monitor.
Allard,
Dean C. "Naval Technology During the American Civil War." American
Neptune, Vol. 49, No. 2 (Spring 1989): 114-22.
Booda,
Larry L. and Michael Mulcahy. "USS Monitor Expedition
Retrieves Artifacts." Sea Technology, Vol. XX, No. 10
(Oct. 1979): 22-23, 25, 48-49.
Booda's
"wrap-up report" sketches the activities of the two authors
in the Sea-Link II, and while on board the Johnson
also Sea Diver on scene "from 1-27 August expedition
length 1979". Illustrations of the expedition, and a time
line from 1861 to 1979 highlight this piece. The activities
of NOAA, HBF, and NC Div. of Archives and History are explained
and there is discussion of the possibility of raising the
wreck. Also included is a list of artifacts retrieved and
explanations by E. Peterkin and W.F. Searle on the equipment
and techniques used in these kind of dives.
Broadwater,
John D. "A Search for the USS Monitor." The International
Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration,
Vol. 4, No. 1 (March and Sept. 1974): 117-21.
Broadwater
gives an overview of the methodical search for the Monitor
by Underwater Archaeological Associates, Inc., in the spring
of 1973. The unsuccessful search area was northeast of Cape
Hatteras Lighthouse.
Cheesebox
[MNMS Activities Report]. (NOAA, 1982-present).
Published
first at the East Carolina University, University of South
Carolina and later at The Mariners' Museum, this occasional
periodical has been issued eight times since its inception
and discusses all aspects of research related to the Monitor.
The run is as follows: Vol. I, No. 1 (Dec. 1982); Vol. II,
No. 1 (June, 1983); Vol, II, No. 2 (April 1984); Vol. III,
No. 1 (June 1984); Vol. IV, No. 1 (May 1985); Vol. V, No.
1 (Feb. 1987); Vol. VI, No. 1 (July 1993); and Vol. VII, No.
1 (Sept. 1995). The editors have included W.N. Still, G.P.
Watts, Dina Hill, and Octavia Cubbins.
Coit,
John. "The Quest For The Monitor." News & Observer,
[Raleigh, NC] (Sept. 2, 1973).
An
important piece of reporting that describes the feeling on
board the Eastwind after the Monitor has been
discovered but before official confirmation. The article also
outlines the contributions of organizations and individuals
such as John Newton, G.P. Watts, Harold Edgerton, Fred Kelly,
Robert Sheridan, National Geographic Society, U.S. Army Reserve,
and Duke University.
deKay,
James Tertius. Monitor: The Story of the Revolutionary Ship
and the Man Whose Invention Changed the Course of History.
(New York: Walker and Company, in press): 224 pp.
The
author skillful blends the story of the battle of Hampton
Roads, the technological impact of the Monitor, and
the life of her inventor, John Ericsson. The advance notice
claims the volume will have "20 photographs, maps, and drawings."
Dumbell,
Jimmy. "The Search for the Monitor." Charlotte Observer,
(Oct. 9, 1977).
This
is an insightful article on John Newton and his decision to
leave Duke University to dedicate his life to Monitor
research and recovery.
Ebert,
Bruce C. "Questions Mine Monitor Salvage Plans." Times-Herald,
[Newport News, VA] (Aug. 8, 1979).
The
highlights of the issue discusses role of the Virginia's Merrimack-Monitor
Commission. The commission is comprised of state legislators.
The issues include costs, conflict with the state of North
Carolina, and stewardship. Some of the delegates are quoted.
John Newton of the MRRF appears to have been present.
Edgerton,
Harold E. "The Monitor Found!" Technology Review,
Vol. 77, No. 4 (Feb. 1975): 8-9, 67-68.
Edgerton's
illustrated article is an overview of the 1973 and 1974 expeditions.
The MIT professor outlines the role played of National Geographical
Society, Duke University, G.P. Watts, John Newton, Robert
Sheridan, and Edgerton and his cameras.
"The
Engagement on James River." New York Herald, (May 27,
1862).
This
is a lengthy article on the expedition up the James River
with the Monitor, Nagatuck, Galena, Wachusett, Aroostook
and Port Royal under Rodgers. The Galena had
engine troubles, ran aground, and was damaged by the batteries
at Drury's Bluff (Fort Darling). Members of the Wachusett
were captured and the expedition was repulsed.
"The
Ericsson Iron-Clad Gunboat Monitor, Brief Description
of her Capacity – Her Behavior on the Ocean and in Battle."
New York Herald, (March 11, 1862).
This
article is a very early account of the troubles the Monitor
encountered when being towed by the Seth Low from New
York to Hampton Roads. It also has a detailed description
of the ironclad, her dimensions, and a list of her officers.
Finally, there is a copy of John Ericsson's letter to G.V.
Fox explaining the choice of the name Monitor and use
of the well-known phrase "Yankee notion."
Ericsson,
John. "The Building of the Monitor." B&L,
Vol. I, 730-44.
Ericsson
gives his own views on the development of the ironclad, the
impact on the health of the crew, how the review board selected
the Monitor, and a tour of the ship. He answers seven
of the most frequently asked questions. His remarks are very
telling, such as his praise of Issac Newton, and his criticism
of Bankhead and Greene. The illustrations are excellent and
show Ericsson's and other inventors early concepts of the
ironclad.
In
this article the Swedish-American attempts to refute any influence
by T.R. Timby and makes reference to Abraham Bloodgood and
Gillespie's turret as mentioned in the Naval [not Nautical]
Chronicle (1805).
Ericsson,
John. "The Iron-Clads." Army and Navy Journal, Vol. I,
No. 47 (July 16, 1864):
John
Ericsson defends the cost of the ironclad vessels and makes
references to imitation of the ships by European nations.
Ericsson,
John. "The Monitor Iron-clads." Army and Navy Journal,
Vol. I, No. 48 (July 23, 1864): 788.
Ericsson
attempts to correct some misconceptions concerning the Monitor
and other ironclads. Among the issues addressed are European
ironclads, the defense of the United States against these
ships, ordnance, armor, draft, and speed.
Garrison,
Ervan G. "Three Ironclad Warships – The Archaeology of
Industrial Process and Historical Myth." Historical Archaeology,
Vol. 29, No. 4 (1995): 26-38.
The
Monitor is one of the featured ironclads in this important
article. Garrison, of the University of Georgia, describes
how ironclads "were as much products of industrial process
as the historic persons who conceived them" and how the "Monitor
is rightly termed a true innovation in warship design."
This
article includes references and images.
Glass,
Jon. "Monitor Relics Bill Advances in Congress." Virginian-Pilot,
[Norfolk] (Aug. 2, 1988).
Representative
Walter B. Jones of North Carolina's First District introduced
a bill that would allow for artifacts to be displayed on the
Outer Banks. Jones was angered when he learned NOAA had leaked
the selection of The Mariners' Museum as the "principle museum"
without his knowledge. The bill would formalize an unofficial
agreement arranged with former the NOAA director, Anthony
Callo. Jones and Dale Burrus, of the Hatteras Village Civic
Association are quoted. This bill became part of the re-authorization
of the Marine Sanctuaries Act. This piece of legislation fueled
the creation of the Graveyard of the Atlantic Museum at Hatteras
Village.
"Glomar
Explorer May Try to Salvage." Durham Sun, [NC] (March
4, 1976).
An
announcement that John Newton of the MRRF has entered into
talks with representatives of the Global Marine Development
in Newport Beach, CA. Global Marine operates the federally-owned
Glomar Explorer, a recovery vessel capable of picking
up the Monitor.
"The
Great Naval Revolution." Cornhill Magazine, Vol. V (May
1862): 550-59.
This
is a call for "iron-cased vessels" for the Royal Navy by a
British author after the action in Hampton Roads. The illustrations
include the "Admiralty Cupola Ship," and the Monitor.
Also discussed are sea-going monitors, the modifications to
HMS Royal Sovereign and contributions of C.P. Coles.
Greene,
Samuel Dana. "I Fired the First Guns and Thus Commenced the
Great Battle." American Heritage, Vol. 8, No. 4 (June
1957): 10-13, 102-105.
This
a reprint of a historic letter written by the executive officer
of the Monitor on March 14, 1862 to his mother. He
describes perilous voyage with the Seth Low, how the
ironclad protected the Minnesota, gives details of
the battle, the burning of the Congress, and damage
to the ship. He also mentions many of notables such as Fox,
Keeler, Worden Acting Master Louis Napoleon Stodder, and his
old roommate on the Virginia, Walter R. Butt[s].
The
introduction to this article notes the letter in possession
of the Greene family, and reprinted by permission of George
D. Greene, the naval officers son.
Hawthorne,
Nathaniel. "Chiefly About War Matters, By A Peaceable Man."
Atlantic Monthly, Vol. X, No. 57 (July 1862): 43-61.
A
excellent travel essay by one of America's greatest authors.
While touring the Virginia Peninsula Hawthorne inspected the
Monitor and offered his comments about what this machine
symbolized for the future. It appears this essay inspired
Herman Melville to pen poems about the battle of Hampton Roads
and the Monitor. The section on the Monitor
(pp 57-59) is, sadly, all too brief.
Please
note that Hawthorne is listed as the author in the table of
contents but not at the beginning of the article.
Hess,
Earl J. "Northern Response to the Ironclad: A Prospect for the
Study of Military Technology." Civil War Journal, Vol.
31, No. 2 (June 1985): 126-43.
Hess's
"essay is an attempt to outline a method of approaching reaction
by society to war tools." The author notes "because of its
spectacular battle with the Virginia in Hampton Roads,
the Monitor became the war's most famous ironclad"
and he also discusses the overreaction of many Northerners,
believing that monitors were super weapons. This footnoted
article is an important contribution to the understanding
of the Monitor as a national symbol.
"Important
From Fortress Monroe: The Details." New York Herald,
(March 10, 1862).
One
of several telling accounts that appeared in this paper, it
reports on the success of the Virginia and her two
"ironclad" escorts. Also, because the Virginia was
not able to close on the Minnesota, the reporter assumed
the attacker had also run aground. The article closes with
the Monitor on the way.
"The
Iron-Clads Vessels." Harper's New Monthly Magazine, Vol.
XXV, No. 148 (Sept. 1862): 433-46.
A
wonderful contemporary piece with engravings of the launching
of the Monitor, its illustrations include the Atlantic
with novelty works, production of plates, turret construction,
and steam hammers. Other ironclads mentioned are the Galena
and the Ironsides, and "mail-clad" Roanoke, Stevens
Battery. Important facets of Monitor history include
the Continental Works, J.F. Rowland, the "Franklin Forge",
John Ericsson's actually involvement with construction, a
discussion launching techniques, making blooms by Franklin
Forge of Tugnot, Dally & Co., Egbert P. Watson, and the
Novelty Works.
Keeler,
William Frederick, ed. by Robert W. Daly. Aboard the USS
Monitor: 1862; the Letters of Acting Paymaster William
Frederick Keeler, U.S. Navy, to his Wife, Anna. (Annapolis,
MD: U.S. Naval Institute Press, 1964): xvii, 278 pp.
One
of the cornerstone sources of Monitor for research.
The paymaster describes much of the day-to-day life on the
vessel. This edition includes portraits, illustrations, and
maps. Anna Elizabeth Dutton Keeler died in 1900.
"The
Last Seen of the Monitor." New York Herald, (Jan.
6, 1863).
The
State of Georgia brought news of the loss of the Monitor
to Fort Monroe. From the fort news was telegraphed to Washington,
D.C. This very lengthy article recounts the efforts of the
crew of the Rhode Island to save the ironclad, the
reaction of the public, the gale, the cause of the sinking
("protective armor is undoubtedly the cause of the leak"),
and other related details.
Levy,
Leo O. "Hawthorne, Melville, and the Monitor." American
Literature, Vol. 37, No. 1 (March 1965): 33-40.
This
a telling article that explains how Nathaniel Hawthorne's
article in the Atlantic Monthly (July 1862) [see, #
] influenced Herman Melville's poems on the Monitor
in Battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War (1866) [see,
# ]. The author makes his point, however, the article does
have a flaw. Levy claims Hawthorne's article appears anonymously
but the "specific phraseology, imagery, and sometimes the
dramatic structure" would tell Melville it was Hawthorne's
essay. A check of the magazines table of contents clearly
states that Hawthorne is the "Peaceable Man" in question.
Consequently, Levy's discussion on the essayist's style is
mute.
"Marine
Says he Touched Craft." News & Observer, [Raleigh,
NC] (July 18, 1955).
The
news-breaking claim by Marine Cpl. Robert F. Marx that he
had touched the Monitor buried upright in the sand
not far form the shore. Marx is quoted. His claim later proved
to be unfounded.
Meekins,
Roger. "Hunt for Monitor Continues Off Hatteras." News
& Observer, [NC] (May 14, 1954).
This
is a usual piece for many reasons. It documents the efforts
of R. T. McMullen and Col. Egglund of Vermont to locate the
Monitor with the assistance form Ben Dixon MacNeill.
Dixon is quoted as saying he transferred his rights to the
ironclad to the National Park Service. There is also a great
deal of expressed concern by North Carolinians that the artifact
should remain in the Old North State when she is recovered.
Meekins,
Roger. "Plan to Raise Monitor is Revived." News &
Observer, [Raleigh, NC] (May 14, 1954).
A
mixed crew, including R.T. McMullen, a retired postal employee;
a retired U.S. Army officer; divers; photographers from Life
magazine; a local airplane pilot, and a boat skipper, claimed
to have located the Monitor following the leads of
local historian and retired journalist Ben Dixon MacNeill.
According to MacNeill, he and Joe Roberts, a photographer,
located the wreck fifteen years ago about 1,000 yards from
shore in about thirty feet of water and in the shadow of Cape
Hatteras Lighthouse. After locating the wreck, MacNeill evidently
claimed title to the remains and even refused offers to sell
the ironclad.
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