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Selected
Bibliography
The
sources listed below are to provide researchers with an abbreviated
bibliography of some of the more important resources on the
Monitor.
"The
Merrimac and the Monitor." Quarterly Review,
Vol. CXI, No. 222 (April 1862): 562-76.
A
excellent article that attempts to analyze the impact of the
Monitor and Virginia on naval affairs, the value
of rams, naval gunnery, and the reaction of the general public.
The HMS Warrior and C.P. Coles are referenced frequently.
"The
Merrimac and the Rebel Fleet Out Again In Hampton Roads
– Their Audacity and Impudence." New York Herald,
(April 13, 1862).
A
more lengthy piece than might be expected, the report details
the foray of the Virginia and about eleven other vessel
into Hampton Roads and their capturing of Union merchant vessels.
As for the activity of the federal warships, like the Monitor
and the converted Vanderbilt, the reporter could offer
"no account of their presence."
"The
Merrimac and the Monitor." Quarterly Review,
Vol. CXI, No. 222 (April 1862): 562-76.
A
excellent article for the times that attempts to analyze the
impact of the Monitor and Virginia on naval
affairs, the value of rams, naval gunnery, and the reaction
of the general public. The HMS Warrior and C.P. Coles
are referenced frequently.
Miller,
Jacob W. "The Development of Armor as Applied to Ships." USNIP
Vol. V, No. 10 (Feb. 1879): 513-36.
This
is a discussion of the development of armor (combination of
metal and timber). It examines such warship considerations
such as, the vertical or broadside system, the turret system,
the deflecting (armor slope) system, the circular (turret)
system, and the ram system. There are a series of revealing
cutaway illustrations and the Monitor is referenced
frequently.
"Monitor
Artifacts Awarded to The Mariners' Museum." The Mariners'
Museum Journal, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Spring 1987): 12.
This
is an announcement of the designation to the Mariners' Museum,
Newport News, VA as principal museum.
"USS
Monitor May Face Stormy Seas Again." Chapel Hill Newspaper,
[NC] (June 3, 1979).
The
confusion and hard feelings surrounding the Monitor
Technical Review Committee and Jacques Cousteau's request
to film are explained. Among the players mentioned are: Larry
Tise, Barto Arnold, Gov. James B. Hunt, Jr.of North Carolina,
and Carolista Beuim.
"Monitor
Researchers Schedule Meeting." Durham Sun, [NC] (March
4, 1978).
Various
professionals meet in Raleigh to discuss the importance and
future of the Monitor. Present are officials from NC
Div. of Archives and History, NOAA, National Trust for Historic
Preservation, US Dept. of the Interior, Naval History Center,
and Advisory Council for Historic Preservation.
"Monitor
Wreck – Like Swiss Cheese." Washington Post, (Aug.
28, 1979).
Three
large holes discovered by divers may mean the hull of the
Monitor may never be raised intact, announced Floyd
Childress of NOAA. Navy salvage expert William F. Searle is
quoted saying that he would not spend a nickel in trying to
recover the Monitor.
"The
Monitors." Army and Navy Journal, Vol. I, No. 4 (Sept.
19, 1863): 51.
The
author of this piece points to the recent setbacks experienced
by ironclads and problems like the poor heath of crew members.
The modest success of the Monitor is mentioned but,
overall, the author predicts the ironclads "will prove to
be the most gigantic failure of the age." For a retort, see
# . Isaac Newton "The Monitor."
"The
Naval Revolution." The Illustrated London News, Vol.
XL, No. 1138 (April 5, 1862): 327-28. 330, 344.
The
impact of the battle of Hampton Roads echoes on this front-page
story in one of Britain's most popular magazines. Many of
the relevant issues are addressed such as the threat to Britain,
the comparison to the HMS Warrior and the HMS Ironside,
the description and power of the two ironclads, and Merrimack/Virginia
hysteria. There is a large engraving titled "The Civil War
in America – Naval Engagement in Hampton Roads: The Confederate
Iron-plated Steamer Merrimac (or Virginia) running
into the Federal sloop Cumberland" from a sketch by Thomas
Nast.
Also
in the same issue appears a dramatic, although not accurate,
engraving "from a sketch by" Thomas Nast titled "The Civil
War in America: Fight in Hampton Roads Between the Federal
floating-battery Monitor and the Confederate iron-plated
steamer Merrimac (or Virginia)" on page 33O.
"Navy
Convinced USS Monitor Has Been Found." Sea Technology,
Vol. 15, No. 6 (June 1974): 15.
All
parties concerned have studied photo mosaics and data gathered
by the Alcoa Seaprobe and the U.S. Army Reserve's LCU
and have concluded the Monitor has been located. There
is mention of the contribution of National Geographic Society,
John Newton, G.P. Watts, and Harold Edgerton.
Newton,
Isaac. "The Monitors." Army and Navy Journal, Vol. I,
No. 8 (Oct. 17, 1863): 116.
Newton
objections to an earlier piece in the Army and Navy Journal
titled "The Monitors." The former first engineer of the Monitor,
takes the anonymous author to task and cites the reaction
in the British press. Specifically, Newton references C.P.
Coles.
Newton,
John G. "How We Found the Monitor." National
Geographic, Vol. 147, No. 1 (Jan. 1975): 48-61.
As
expected this profusely illustrated article contains maps,
fold outs, images of the crew, expedition team, hulk, and
artifacts penned by a member of the Duke University's Marine
Laboratory who was on board the Eastward. The article
was provided by Newton in return for sponsorship of the expedition.
Nichols,
Rick. "Duke Scientist Announces Finding Ironclad Monitor."
News & Observer, [Raleigh, NC] (March 8, 1974).
John
Newton and G.P. Watts announce that after further photographic
study, they are sure they have found the Monitor.
"Operations
of the Merrimac." New York Herald, (April 15,
1862).
This
is a very detailed account of the Virginia's reappearance
in Hampton Roads and the preparations made for battle by the
Union forces. This account notes the presence of French and
British warships and the Monitor was under orders "to
act strictly on the defensive." This is important piece concerning
this affair, the capturing of three Union merchant vessels,
and possibility that the Virginia might try to run
the blockade.
"Our
American Iron-clads." New York Herald, (Nov. 24, 1862).
An
article that claims following the wake of the Monitor
in Hampton Roads all wooden sailing ships are obsolete and
the United States will soon have "an iron-clad navy which,
in point of numbers, will soon surpass the navies of the Old
World."
Ramsey,
H. Ashton. "The Most Famous of Sea Duels: The Story of the Merrimac's
Engagement with the Monitor and the Events that Preceded
and Followed the Fight, Told by A Survivor." Harper's Weekly,
Vol. LVI, No. 2877 (Feb. 10, 1912): 11-12.
The
fascinating personal story of the former second assistant
engineer the USS Merrimack who becomes the chief engineer
of the Virginia. The author notes the former chief
engineer of the Merrimack, Alban C. Stimers (later
chief engineer of the Monitor) recalls in 1859 the
Merrimack saluting the Congress in Rio's harbor.
Ramsey gives Brooke credit for design of the Virginia
he also mentions Jones and Buchanan.
Ringle,
Ken. "Monitor's SOS Unheeded: Geologist Tears Into Wreck
of Ironclad." Washington Post (Aug. 25, 1974).
Washington
Post staff writer Ringle details how Sheridan "tore into
the wreck with 300 pound rock dredge in a search for relics."
Sheridan's action drew attacks spokespersons from NOAA, the
US Navy, the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, and the state of
North Carolina. Ringle also explains that organizations such
as the National Geographic Society were not pleased with the
U.S. Navy and he management of the historic site.
Sheridan,
Robert E. "Quite a Curiosity: The Effort to Recover the U.S.S.
Monitor." Sea History, Vol. X, No. 9 (Fall 1977):
10-12.
Sheridan,
president of the MRRF, outlines the efforts to recover the
Monitor. He references John Newton, G.P.Watts, and
Harold Edgerton, and research accomplished from the decks
of the Eastward, the Alcoa Seaprobe, and the
Cape Henlopen. It is Sheridan's hope that the Glomar
Explorer will be able raise the wreck. While the MRRF
"provides a means for private and academic interests to express
themselves, a means to stimulate lethargic government agencies,
and a means to inform the American public about the possibilities
of actually recovering this famous ship."
Shippen,
Edward. "Two Battle Pictures: A Reminiscence of the First Ironclad
Fight." United Service, Vol. IV (Jan. 1881): 53-78.
Like
Shippen's other works, this article is rich in detail on the
battle of Hampton Roads and life aboard a Union warship. He
was the medical officer of the Congress.
Siceloff,
Bruce. "Chambers Cool Toward Wooing Monitor's Hulk."
News & Observer, [Raleigh, NC] (Jan. 13, 1978).
The
Monitor interest groups in Wilmington and Carteret
Co., NC withdraw their offers to attract the MRRF to their
respective locales. The article notes friction between the
MRRF and the state, as well as the fact that the MRRF does
not control the wreck's fate.
Siceloff,
Bruce. "Monitor Fever Turns Chilly." News & Observer,
[Raleigh, NC] (Jan. 14, 1978).
The
Monitor interest groups in Wilmington and Carteret
Co., NC withdraw their offers to attract the MRRF to their
respective locales. The article notes friction between the
MRRF and the state, as well as the fact that the MRRF does
not control the wreck's fate.
"The
Situation." New York Herald, (March 10, 1862).
An
important piece for many reasons, this article and those like
it gave Northerners peace of mind when it reported "the Merrimac
drew off and was towed towards Norfolk in a sinking condition."
The article also remarks on the value of the newly operational
telegraph service from Fort Monroe to Washington and that
G.V. Fox used to send word about the engagement.
Thomas,
Dana-ford. "Marine Diver Finds Location of Monitor."
Sunday Star-News, [Wilmington, NC] (July 3, 1955).
After
researching at the Smithsonian Institution and The Mariners'
Museum, Marine Cpl. Robert F. Marx and associates explored
off Cape Hatteras and claimed they located the Monitor
not far from shore. The team's claim was mistaken.
Tise,
Larry E. "Jacques Cousteau, the U.S.S. Monitor, and the
Philosophy and Practice of Public History." Public History,
(Winter, 1983): 31-45.
A
telling and at times amusing, article by the former director
of the NC Div. of Archives and History and chairman of the
Technical Advisory committee for Research in the Monitor
Marine Sanctuary. The author describes the reaction of the
press and public when the Cousteau Society was denied permission
to make a brief foray into the sanctuary. After describing
"the philosophical principles that should undermine the public
history institution." Tise evaluates his won performance and
lessons learned from this very public event.
Vaden,
Ted. "State Officials Rap Monitor Foundation." News
& Observer, [Raleigh, NC] (Feb. 17, 1978).
Larry
Tise and E. M. Miller both remark that the MRRF is misleading
the pubic as to when the Monitor might be raised. Robert
Sheridan, president of MRRF, counters their remarks by noting
the technology now exists to raise the ship in the early 1980.
Watts,
Gordon P., Jr. "Deep-Water Archaeological Investigation and
Site Testing in the Monitor National Marine Sanctuary."
Journal of Field Archaeology, Vol. 12, No. 3 (Fall 1985):
315-32.
Wood,
Ernie. "'Fate' Credited in Monitor Discovery." News
& Observer, [Raleigh, NC] (Jan. 1, 1975).
Wood,
Ernie. "A History of Searches of Monitor." News &
Observer, [Raleigh, NC] (Aug. 6, 1973).
The
author recounts how Robert F. Marx, picnickers, the USN, airplane
pilots, the USS Monitor Foundation, and the Underwater
Archaeology Associates, Inc. have searched and/or claimed
to have located the Monitor.
Wood,
John Taylor. "The First Fight of Iron-Clads." B&L,
Vol. I, 692-711.
Wood
served on the Virginia. He discusses in detail the
transformation of Merrimack to Virginia and
gives Brooke credit for the idea of the design of Virginia.
There is list of officers, a description the armament, a good
description of the Battle of Hampton Roads including the role
of the Yorktown and Jamestown. The images in
this article include: the Virginia in drydock and in
battle with the Congress, C. Jones, F. Buchanan, Josiah
Tattnall, Wood, and a map of Hampton Roads, George U. Morris
of the Cumberland, G.J. Van Brunt of the Minnesota,
and Joseph B. Smith of the Congress. These engravings
have often been reproduced in subsequent publications.
Wood,
William H. "Monitor Salvagers Considering Norfolk." Ledger-Star
[Norfolk, VA] (Dec. 23, 1977).
The
article focuses on the city of Norfolk's efforts to lure the
MRRF from Beaufort, NC to Virginia. John Newton is quoted.
Woods,
Helen. "Timby the Forgotten." Harper's Weekly Vol. LV
(Feb. 11, 1911): 11, 26.
An
interesting piece that documents T.R. Timby's claim that he
was the inventor of the "revolving tower" on turret. His claims
date back to 1841, and are supported by Patent No. 36, 593
and royalty payments by the "Ericsson Syndicate" or "Battery
Associates." The article explains how Ericsson would have
observed Timby's invention. It has the illustrations from
Harper's New Monthly Magazine (Jan. 1863) and biographical
background on Timby. John A. Griswold, John F. Winslow, and
C.S. Bushnell are mentioned.
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